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Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers propose experiment to close last remaining loophole in Bell’s Inequality

January 3, 2018 by Maths Statistics Science Tutor

03 January 2018

Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers have proposed an experiment using distant quasars that may close the last major loophole of Bell’s inequality, namely, what physicists refer to as as “setting independence” or “free will”.

This loophole proposes that a particle detector’s settings may interact with events in the shared causal past of the detectors themselves to determine which properties of the particle to measure. This would imply that a person running the experiment does not have complete free will in choosing each detector’s setting. As a result, the experiment produces biased measurements which in turn suggests a correlation between particles that is greater than the real correlation.

David Kaiser, the Germeshausen Professor of the History of Science and senior lecturer in the Department of Physics, along with MIT postdoc Andrew Friedman and Jason Gallicchio of the University of Chicago, have proposed an experiment to close this loophole by determining a particle detector’s settings using distant quasars.

A laboratory setup would consist of a particle generator that produces pairs of entangled particles. One detector measures a property of particle A, while another detector does the same for particle B. A split second after the particles are generated, but just before the detectors are set, scientists would use telescopic observations of distant quasars to determine which properties each detector will measure of a respective particle.

The researchers reason that since each detector’s setting is determined by sources that have had no communication or shared history since the beginning of the universe, it would be impossible for these detectors to interact with anything in their shared past to give a biased measurement.

This experiment is feasible with present technology.

Variable speed of light theory

December 19, 2016 by Maths Statistics Science Tutor

19 December 2016

In a recent paper published in the journal Physical Review by João Magueijo of Imperial College London and Niayesh Afshordi of the University of Waterloo in Canada, the velocity of light in the early universe may be far higher than it is today – in fact, the birth of the universe could have witnessed light travelling at infinite speed.

The paper describes how scientists can test the controversial idea. If correct, there would be a tell-tale signature left on the cosmic background radiation.

Einstein’s general theory of relativity holds the speed of light in a vacuum as an absolute constant.

Magueijo and Afshordi’s theory is an attempt to explain why the cosmos looks much the same over vast distances. To be so uniform, light rays must have reached every corner of the cosmos, otherwise some regions would be cooler and more dense than others.

Cosmologists and physicists including Stephen Hawking have proposed a theory called inflation, in which the young universe underwent a brief spell of tremendous expansion. According to the inflation theory, the temperature of the cosmos evened out before the cosmos grew exponentially large.

Magueijo and Afshordi’s theory does away with inflation and replaces it with a variable speed of light. According to their calculations, the heat of universe in its first moments was so intense that light and other particles moved at infinite speed. Under these conditions, light reached the most distant pockets of the universe and made it look as uniform as we see it today.

This new theory predicts a clear pattern in the density variations of the early universe, a feature measured by what is called the “spectral index”. Magueijo and Afshordi predict a very precise spectral index of 0.96478, which is close to the latest, though somewhat rough, measurement of 0.968.

On the other hand, the predictions of inflation developed by Stephen Hawking and others more than 30 years ago have been tested fairly rigorously by cosmological observations. Many scientists regard inflation as a simple and elegant explanation of the origin of galaxies in the universe.

Large Hadron Collider sees hint of boson heavier than Higgs

December 24, 2015 by Maths Statistics Science Tutor

The two experiments that discovered the Higgs boson in 2012 contain data that may point to the existence of a boson even heavier than the Higgs. This was recently announced by both collaborations earlier in December.

The results largely match a rumour that has been circulating on social media and blogs for several days: that both the CMS and ATLAS detectors at the LHC have seen an unexpected excess of pairs of photons, together carrying around 750 gigaelectronvolts (GeV) of energy, in the debris of their proton–proton collisions. This could be a tell-tale sign of a new boson. If true, the particle would be about four times more massive than the next heaviest particle discovered so far, the top quark, and six times more massive than the Higgs.

Marumi Kado of the Linear Accelerator Laboratory at the University of Paris-Sud said that his experiment, ATLAS, had detected about 40 more pairs of photons than would have been expected from the predictions of the standard model of particle physics. Jim Olsen of Princeton University in New Jersey reported that CMS saw merely ten. Neither team would have mentioned the excesses had the other experiment had not seen an almost identical hint.

Experimenters have spent decades validating the standard model, and the Higgs was the last missing piece in that picture. A much heavier particle would open an entire new chapter in the field.

Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem may render a famous physics problem unanswerable

December 13, 2015 by Maths Statistics Science Tutor

13 December 2015

A well-known thereom at the heart of mathematical logic, Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem, has deep implications for physics because it makes a fundamental question about matter literally unanswerable.

In 1931, Austrian-born mathematician Kurt Gödel proved that some statements are ‘undecidable’, meaning that it is impossible to prove them either true or false within the confines of a set of axioms adopted by mathematics.

Three researchers have now found that the same principle makes it impossible to calculate the gaps between the lowest energy levels of its electrons from an idealized model of its atoms.

Toby Cubitt, a quantum-information theorist at University College London, and his collaborators have focused on calculating the ‘spectral gap’: the gap between the lowest energy level that electrons can occupy in a material, and the next one up.

The quantum states of the atoms in an atomic lattice of a material contain the information needed to find the material’s spectral gap. Cubitt and his colleagues showed that for an infinite lattice, the question of whether the gap exists is undecidable.

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9 year old Singaporean boy scores A in physics IGCSE examination

August 20, 2015 by Maths Statistics Science Tutor

20 Aug 2015

Singaporean student Mark Sim has become the youngest person in the world to score an “A” in the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) physics examination.

Mark was eight years and three months old when he took the exam – consisting of three papers spread out over two days – at the British Council last November.

The feat earned him a place in the Singapore Book of Records when his result was ratified earlier this year.

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